Krivična dela u vezi sa finansiranjem stranaka
U nacrtu novog Zakona o finansiranju političkih aktivnosti je samo prepisano postojeće krivično delo. Jedan od razloga zbog kojeg gotovo da nije bilo slučajeva da se ova norma primeni (pored nepodnošenja krivičnih prijava) jeste i loša definicija samog krivičnog dela. Zato je Transparentnost Srbije dala predlog za znatno jasnije i potpunije uređivanje krivične odgovornosti, kako za nezakonito finansiranje stranaka i kampanja, tako i u pogledu pritisaka i odmazde koje bi neko vršio prema partijskim donatorima i firmama koje im pružaju usluge.
Pored svega toga, ovo krivično delo bi trebalo premestiti u Krivični zakonik, uvrstiti ga u spisak krivičnih dela koja ispituju tužilaštva nadležna za druga koruptivna krivična dela i omogućiti da se dokazi prikupljaju primenom posebnih istražnih tehnika.
Aktuelni zakon i nacrt zakona predviđaju da se sankcioniše lice koje u ime i za račun političkog subjekta pribavi sredstva za finansiranje političkog subjekta protivno odredbama tog zakona u nameri da prikrije izvor finansiranja ili iznos prikupljenih sredstava političkog subjekta.
Glavni nedostatak ovog zakonskog rešenja jeste to što kao osnov krivične odgovornosti predviđa tačno određena namera počinioca, koja je pri tom pogrešno određena. Namera za koju se može očekivati da postoji kod nezakonitih davanja je u stvari sasvim drugačija od one koja je inkriminisana – kod donatora da ostvare neki uticaj na donošenje odluka preko političkog subjekta kojem daju prilog, a kod političkog subjekta da prikupi sredstva potrebna za sprovođenje svojih aktivnosti.
U oba slučaja, prikrivanje izvora i visine finansiranja je samo način ili sredstvo da se do donacije dođe (npr. zato što određeno lice uopšte ne sme da da prilog na osnovu Zakona, zato što ne sme da da više od zakonskog limita), a ne svrha nezakonitog poduhvata.
Mi smo predložili unošenje dva nova člana u Krivični zakonik. Prvim, pod nazivom „Nezakonito finansiranje političkog subjekta“, predlaže se inkriminacija lica koja daju sredstva za finansiranje političkog subjekta suprotno zakonu u iznosu većem od 50.000 dinara, kao i lica koja u ime i za račun političkog subjekta takvu naknadu prime. U praksi, ova inkriminacija se može odnositi na situacije kada neko umišljajno da ili primi prilog u gotovini preko navedenog iznosa znajući da je takav vid davanja priloga nije dopušten, ako neko da ili primi prilog koji prelazi maksimalnu vrednost davanja od jednog lica znajući da to prelazi zakonski limit, ako neko da prilog iako je svestan da nema pravo da to učini jer spada u krug lica koja ne smeju finansirati političke subjekte itd. Za razliku od aktuelnog krivičnog dela iz Zakona o finansiranju političkih aktivnosti, na osnovu ovog predloga ne bi se dokazivalo da je davanje ili primanje sredstava bilo skopčano sa tačno određenom namerom (dovoljan je umišljaj), ali se, s druge strane, postavlja minimalna vrednost datih ili primljenih sredstava koja je osnov da bi uopšte postojala krivična odgovornost. Iznos od 50.000 dinara je postavljen kao granica u tom smislu.
U stavu u kome se predlaže inkriminacija raznih oblika prikrivanja izvora ili vrednosti finansiranja političkog subjekta izričito navodimo četiri oblika prikrivanja. Prvi oblik je davanje političkom subjektu sredstava koja su dobijena od drugoga za tu namenu, odnosno situacije kada jedan potencijalni davalac priloga, koji nema pravo da lično finansijski pomogne politički subjekt (npr. zato što bi na taj način prekoračio zakonsku granicu, zato što spada u krug lica koja ne smeju finansirati političke subjekte ili zato što ne želi da se sazna da je on dao prilog) umesto toga svoja sredstva raspodeli drugim ljudima, koji se potom pojave kao donatori političkog subjekta.
Drugi oblik krivičnog dela iz ovog stava predstavlja plaćanje troškova aktivnosti političkog subjekta kao da su sopstveni. Zakon nalaže političkim subjektima da sami plaćaju troškove svojih aktivnosti, sa sopstvenog računa. Izuzetak predstavljaju besplatne usluge, to jest usluge koje neko neposredno pruži političkom subjektu i koje se kao takve evidentiraju među primljenim prilozima. Ovde se predviđa sankcionisanje učinilaca koji lažno prikažu trošak političkog subjekta kao sopstveni ili kao trošak trećeg lica, na primer, kada se osnivaču javnog glasila plaća za emitovanje oglasa političkog subjekta, a kod plaćanja se prikazuje kao da je u pitanju emitovanje nekih drugih oglasa.
Treći oblik krivičnog dela iz ovog stava predstavlja drugu stranu medalje prethodno opisanog jer predviđa sankcionisanje lica koja pružaju usluge ili isporučuju robu političkim subjektima, a zatim prime naknadu za te troškove od trećeg lica (npr. politički subjekt zakupi autobuse za prevoz učesnika mitinga, a zatim taj trošak autotransportnom preduzeću direktno podmiri vlasnik lokalne benzinske pumpe).
Četvrti oblik ovog krivičnog dela mogu počiniti odgovorna lica u političkom subjektu koja umišljajno propuste da navedu neki izvor finansiranja političkog subjekta u knjigovodstvenoj evidenciji ili finansijskom izveštaju, koja navedu netačan izvor finansiranja ili netačan iznos. I u ovom slučaju predviđeno je da krivična odgovornost, za razliku od prekršajne, postoji samo kada je vrednost prikrivenih sredstava preko 50.000 dinara.
Predlogom novog člana, koji je nazvan „Narušavanje prava fizičkih i pravnih lica u vezi sa finansiranjem političkog subjekta“ predviđa se kažnjavanje lica koja ugrožavaju prava pružalaca usluga i prodavaca roba političkim subjektima, a ne samo prava davalaca priloga. Na ovaj način bi se kažnjavali i učinioci koji na nedozvoljen način utiču na fizička i pravna lica da ne prodaju robu ili da ne pruže uslugu političkom subjektu.
Pogledajte sve izmene koje je TS predložila.
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