Preliminarni izveštaji o finansiranju kampanje
Preliminarni izveštaji kao preporuka ODIHR: Jedna od izmena Zakona o finansiranju političkih aktivnosti jeste uvođenje obaveze podnošenja preliminarnih izveštaja o finansiranju kampanje. Iako je na taj način formalno ispunjena jedna od preporuka ODIHR, to je učinjeno na način koji ne omogućava značajno veću transparentnost ovih podataka dok izborna kampanja traje.
Mala korist: Kao što je TS upozoravala, pravljenje preseka finansija sa stanjem 15 dana pred izbore ne donosi mnogo, zato što partije veći deo troškova plaćaju kasnije, a uglavnom tek posle izbora, kada dobiju pretežni deo budžetskih dotacija.
Budžetski avans koji kasno stiže: Rok za uplatu dela budžetskih dotacija koji se uplaćuje pre izbora, onima koji su položili izborno jemstvo, bio je 24.3.2022. za predsedničke (po 46.126.500 dinara) i 27. mart za parlamentarne izbore (po 20.500.667 dinara), to jest, 9, odnosno 6 dana pre dana glasanja, tako da preliminarni izveštaji ne obuhvataju čak ni ove prihode stranaka.
Bolje rešenje za transparentnost: Zbog toga smo predlagali da se, po uzoru na Češku, i u Srbiji uvede sistem transparentnih računa, koji bi omogućio uvid u prihode i rashode u realnom vremenu, uz zaštitu pojedinih ličnih podataka (npr. broj računa i adresa davalaca priloga). Svi drugi podaci su i inače javnog karaktera i bili bi objavljeni u finansijskim izveštajima ili bi bili dostupni na osnovu zahteva za pristup informacijama.
Nedoumica – troškovi koji nisu plaćeni: Ništa manje važno, imajući u vidu da se troškovi kampanje plaćaju odloženo, predložili smo da se na nesumnjiv način propiše obaveza izveštavanja, ne samo o izvršenim rashodima, već i o ugovorenim obavezama (npr. vrednost bilborda ili reklama koje su ugovorene). Ni Zakon, ni Pravilnik koji je doneo direktor Agencije za sprečavanje korupcije nisu dovoljno jasni oko toga da li se prijavljuju jedino troškovi koji su plaćeni ili i oni koji su još „na čekanju“. Usled toga, u praksi su moguća različita tumačenja i situacija u kojoj bi jedna partija prikazala trošak, a druga ne, iako su u istoj situaciji. To se, verovatno i dogodilo, sudeći po objavljenim podacima.
Koji je bio rok za izveštaje: Iako je po Zakonu rok za podnošenje izveštaja “sedam dana pre dana izbora”, to jest, subota, 26.3.2022, Agencija za sprečavanje korupcije je protumačila da se ovde takođe primenjuju pravila za računanje rokova iz Zakona o opštem upravnom postupku, pa je kao rok određen prvi naredni radni dan, ponedeljak, 28.3.2022.
Izveštaji nedostupni skoro do izborne ćutnje: Zakon nije uveo obavezu da sami učesnici u kampanji objave dostavljene izveštaje na svom sajtu, već samo obavezu Agencije da ih objavi i to u roku od tri dana. Usled tako manjkave odredbe i tumačenja rokova koje očigledno ometa ostvarivanje svrhe ovih izveštaja, krajnji rok za njihovo objavljivanje je bio poslednji dan pred nastupanje izborne tišine.
Time je praktično onemogućeno bilo kakvo analitičko izveštavanje medija o tome na koji način su podnosioci izbornih lista i predlagači kandidata ispunili svoju zakonsku obavezu, kao i mogućnost da veliki broj građana koje bi to zanimalo sazna nešto o troškovima i izvorima finansiranja kampanje kojoj su bili izloženi prethodnih mesec i po dana.
Taj nedostatak je utoliko veći kada se zna da će daleko najveći deo te kampanje platiti sami ti građani, jer se iz budžeta ove godine za predsedničke i parlamentarne izbore distribuira rekordnih 15,7 miliona evra.
Ko je prekršio zakonsku obavezu: Trenutno (2.4.2022) na sajtu Agencije je objavljeno ukupno 93 preliminarna izveštaja. Sedam se odnosi na predsedničke izbore, pa se može zaključiti da su obavezu ispunili svi osim predlagača kandidata Miše Vacića.
Za parlamentarne izbore je objavljeno 15 izveštaja, a obavezu nisu ispunile liste „Muftijin amanet“ (SPP), Alternativa za promene – Albanska demokratska alternativa“, „Romska partija“ i „Ruski manjinski savez“. Za beogradske izbore nedostaje jedino lista „Ruskog manjinskog saveza“.
Koliko je prijavljeno troškova do sada: Zbirno posmatrano, za predsedničke izbore su zaključno sa 18. (ili 19, u zavisnosti od tumačenja) martom 2022, prijavljeni troškovi u visini 104.710.992 dinara, to jest manje od milion evra, kao i prihodi od 53.786.100 dinara. Za skupštinske izbore prijavljeno je 225.776.210 dinara (oko 1,9 miliona evra) troškova i za nijansu manje prihoda (214.350.585 dinara).
Koji je udeo troškova kampanje poznat javnosti: Imajući u vidu da je prijavljeno korišćenje preko 2 miliona evra koji potiču sa stranačkih računa za redovno finansiranje i od donacija, i da stranke i grupe građana tradicionalno teže da pokriju računima svaki dinar dobijenog budžetskog novca, može se pretpostaviti da će ukupni prijavljeni troškovi kampanje za republičke izbore dostići 18 miliona evra.
To dalje znači, da je iz objavljenih preliminarnih izveštaja postalo poznato tek oko 15% ukupnih očekivanih troškova izborne kampanje i da građani kojima su informacije o troškovima bitne za opredeljivanje na izborima nemaju ni približno tačne informacije.
Verodostojnost izveštaja – ukupni iznosi: Tako bi, na primer, građani mogli da zaključe da je kampanja SNS na obe vrste izbora bila tek za nijansu skuplja od kampanje koju vodi SPS za parlamentarne izbore (104 naspram 93 miliona dinara), što je veoma daleko od stvarnog stanja kada se uzmu u obzir opažene promotivne aktivnosti u kampanji.
Reagovanje SNS: 1. aprila 2022. informativna služba SNS, verovatno reagujući na neke procene troškova koje je istog dana iznela TS, saopštila je da su ukupni izdaci političke kampanje „zaključno sa 31.3.2022.“ bili 339.877.618,00 dinara. Istog dana, TS je objavila procenu da su samo TV reklame za ovu stranku, za predsedničke i parlamentarne izbore i to bez poslednja četiri dana i regionalnih i lokalnih medija, vredele oko 4 miliona evra.
Šta je prikazano od troškova TV reklama: Iskrivljenoj slici koja bi se stekla na osnovu preliminarnih izveštaja najviše doprinosi to što je prijavljen veoma mali deo troškova TV reklama. Njihov udeo je svega 16,09%, a uobičajeno je da čini oko polovine ukupnih prijavljenih rashoda kampanje.
SNS se gotovo jedina reklamirala na TV stanicama prvih nedelja kampanje, ali je prijavila samo plaćanja za oglase na B92, Prvoj i regionalnim TV stanicama, dok oglašavanje na RTS, Pink i Happy, koje se takođe dogodilo u periodu na koji se odnosi izveštaj, nije navedeno. Zanimljivo je, međutim, da je SPS naveo troškove oglašavanja na RTS, a slično su učinili i predlagači kandidata Ponoša, Jovanovića i Obradovića.
Bilbordi: Znatno bliže realnim su prijavljeni troškovi zakupa bilborda, gde je suma premašila 400 hiljada evra. Međutim, manje od ¼ ovako prijavljenih troškova odlazi na kampanje koje je vodila SNS, iako je u stvarnosti zastupljenost bilborda kandidata ove stranke bila natpolovična u prvim nedeljama kampanje. Bilbord kampanje u vrednosti od između 40 i 50 hiljada evra prijavili su koalicija „Moramo“ i „Dveri“.
Javni događaji: Veliki deo prijavljenih troškova SNS odnosi se na javne događaje – 12 miliona za predsedničke izbore i 7 za parlamentarne. Za nijansu više troškova (20 miliona dinara) te vrste prijavila je SPS.
Novac sa stranačkih računa i prilozi: SNS je sa stalnog stranačkog računa prenela za kampanje 174 miliona dinara, a taj novac uglavnom potiče iz budžeta (novac koji je stranka dobila za finansiranje rada van kampanje, na osnovu zastupljenosti u Skupštini). SPS je prijavila čak 80 miliona dinara priloga fizičkih lica i još 39 miliona dinara koji potiču sa stalnog stranačkog računa (odnosno budžeta). SRS, koja već duže vreme nije u parlamentu, ali ima sačuvan novac od ranije, prenela je sa stalnog računa 28,5 miliona dinara. Upola manje novca prenela je i utrošila SVM, a Koalicija Albanaca doline 4,4 miliona.
Priloge su prijavili i DSS (oko 6,7 miliona), lista Marinike Tepić (3,1), lista Borisa Tadića (2,8 miliona), Koalicija „Moramo“ (2,7), i Dveri (1,4).
Bez prihoda?: Ni dinara prihoda po bilo kom osnovu nisu prijavili „Zavetnici“ (čiji je trošak navodno bio samo 45 hiljada dinara), koalicija „Suverenisti“ (sa troškom od 7,3 miliona), lista „Otete bebe“. Kod SDA je prihod zanemarljiv (81.000), a prijavljeni troškovi su dosegli već 11,4 miliona dinara. Zanimljivo je da ove liste i njihovi kandidati (osim SDA) nisu naveli ni neke troškove koji su kod drugih uobičajeni i koji su morali nastati na samom početku kampanje – overa potpisa.
Istraživanja i komunikacija: Od podataka koji se mogu navesti kao kuriozitet ili kao pitanje koje iziskuje provere izdvajamo veoma velike troškove istraživanja javnog mnenja u izveštaju „Dveri“ (skoro 4 miliona dinara) i odsustvo troškova komunikacije u izveštajima DSS, Zavetnika i GG Ujedinjeni za Srbiju.
Putni troškovi: Ako je verovati izveštajima, najviše su na putovanja i obilaske Srbije utrošile Dveri – oko 30 hiljada evra, to jest sedam puta više nego sve druge liste i kandidati zajedno. Kako je ovo malo verovatno, ostaje pitanje da li je njihov trošak preuveličan ili je kod drugih partija izostavljen.
Overa potpisa: Razlike u ceni overe potpisa su ogromne – od 27 hiljada dinara kod kandidatkinje Zavetnika, do 3,2 miliona dinara za kandidata SNS (i 1,5 milion za izbornu listu te stranke).
Internet i društvene mreže: Oglašavanje na internetu su prijavili jedino „Suverenisti“, SVM, „Moramo“ i „Dveri“, a ostale troškove oglašavanja, gde mogu biti uključene i društvene mreže (nije propisana posebna rubrika) prijavljuju UZS, „Moramo“, „Dveri“ i lista „Ajmo ljudi“. Ni dinar troška u izveštajima za predsedničke i parlamentarne izbore za internet nije prijavila SNS, iako je bila najzastupljenija kod ovog vida oglašavanja. „Ostali troškovi oglašavanja“ čine neobičnu visoku stavku kod SDA Sandžaka – 4,8 miliona dinara.
Novine i radio: Prijavljene investicije u štampanim medijima dostigle su 100 hiljada evra, a na radio stanicama skromnih 30 hiljada.
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