Spoljni interes za korupciju u Srbiji
Nakon decenija stagniranja u borbi protiv korupcije u Srbiji, i neispunjenih kriterijuma Evropske unije (EU) Srbiji kao kandidatu za članstvo, grupa američkih senatora iz Demokratske i Republikanske stranke predstavila je početkom avgusta nacrt zakona za borbu protiv korupcije, podršku ekonomskom razvoju i trgovini na Zapadnom Balkanu.
"Novi dvostranački zakon jača trgovinu i investicije između Sjedinjenih Američkih Država i Zapadnog Balkana, dok se bori protiv korupcije, kroz usvajanje posebnog zakona za sankcije protiv destabilizirajućih aktera. Sve to otvara put širim evroatlantskim integracijama".
To je navela demokratska senatorka Džejn Šahin (Jeanne Shaheen), predsednica Podkomiteta za Evropu i regionalnu bezbednosnu saradnju, koja je zajedno sa republikanskim senatorom Rodžerom Vikerom (Roger Wicker) predstavila predloženi akt.
Da li je inicijativa iz SAD iznenađenje?
Savet za borbu protiv korupcije Vlade Srbije ocenio je da američki nacrt zakona pokazuje rastući interes SAD za Zapadni Balkan.
"Pozitivno je što se predviđa usvajanje posebnog zakona za sankcije protiv destabilizirajućih aktera na Zapadnom Balkanu i otvaraju dodatne mogućnosti za saradnju i pomoć pri borbi protiv korupcije", navodi se, između ostalog, u odgovoru Saveta za RSE.
Savet za borbu protiv korupcije, osnovan 2001, je stručno, savetodavno telo Vlade Srbije čiji zadatak je i da izvršnoj vlasti predlaže mere koje treba preduzeti u cilju efikasne borbe protiv korupcije, kao i da prati njihovo sprovođenje.
Agencija za sprečavanje korupcije (ASK) nije za RSE dala ocenu zakona predloženog u SAD.
"Agencija za sprečavanje korupcije ne komentariše pravne akte drugih država", navodi se u odgovoru ASK na upit RSE.
Agencija za sprečavanje korupcije, kojoj između ostalog u opisu stoji da je samostalan i nezavisan državni organ koji za svoj rad odgovara Skuštini Srbije, navela je da su u poslednjih deset godina kreirani različiti uspešni mehanizmi sprečavanja korupcije.
"Sprečavanje korupcije je proces koji se nikada ne završava i Republika Srbija teži da je svede na najmanju moguću meru. Odnosno u okvire koji ne ometaju ekonomski rast i nacionalnu bezbednost", navedeno je, između ostalog, iz ASK.
Nemanja Nenadić, programski direktor nevladine organizacije Transparentnost Srbija (TS), kaže da američka inicijativa nije iznenađenje i da stiže u trenutku kada borba protiv korupcije stoji na "mrtvoj tački".
"Pritisci Evropske unije da Srbija suzbije korupciju nisu dali rezultat. Moguće je da će joj veći podsticaj biti inicijativa Amerike, koja šalje direktne poruke i opciju sankcija, ali to ostaje da se vidi", smatra Nenadić.
Po istraživanju nevladine organizacije Transparentnost Srbija (TS), usmerene na borbu protiv korupcije, građani se u svakodnevnom životu sa tim problemom suočavaju u sektorima zdravstva, policije, inspekcija i zapošljavanje u državnoj službi.
Osim toga, iz Evropske unije svake godine stižu upozorenja na visoku korupciju u institucijama, u oblasti države i javne uprave, čije sprečavanje je deo zahtevanog uspostavljanja vladavine prava.
Vlast obećala bespoštednu borbu
Nenadić podseća na to da je pre dolaska na vlast 2012. Srpska napredna stranka (SNS) javno insistirala na borbi protiv korupcije, ali da su rezultati uglavnom u domenu donošenja zakona koji se ne primenjuju efikasno.
"Interesantno je da danas, deset godina posle, Srpska napredna stranka i njen lider Aleksandar Vučić više glasno ne govore o borbi protiv korupcije i eventualnim rezultatima", navodi Nenadić.
Te 2012. lider SNS-a i ondašnji potpredsednik Vlade Srbije Aleksandar Vučić poručio je da ća borba protiv korupcije odlučiti kakva će biti budućnost zemlje.
"Neće biti povlačenja ni pred kojim opasnim čovekom, bilo da je iz bivše vlasti, bilo da je tajkun ili neko drugi. Nema straha, normalna Srbija mora da pobedi", rekao je Vučić.
Deset godina posle, telo Saveta Evrope poziva GRECO, u kojoj je grupa država za borbu protiv korupcije, pozvala je Srbiju da pojača mere kojima se sprečava korupcija na najvišim izvršnim funkcijama u državi, uključujući Predsednika Republike, ministre, pomoćnike ministara, državne sekretare, šefove kabineta i političke savetnike.
"Pre imenovanja ministara treba proveriti njihov integritet, kao i prilikom izbora šefova kabineta i savetnika, što uključuje i savetnike predsednika", jedna je od preporuka GRECO po pitanju personalnih rešenja u okviru sprečavanja sukoba interesa u Srbiji.
Korupcija u svim izveštajima EU
Takođe, u izveštajima Evropske komisije o napretku Srbije ka članstvu u Evropskoj uniji, koja je kandidat od 2012, svake godine se od zvaničnog Beograda traži da pojača borbu protiv korupcije i vladavinu prava.
Evropska unija još 2012. zvanično je od Srbije zatražila da razreši 24 slučaja sporne privatizacije velikih državnih firmi iz prethodne decenije, koje su okarakterisane kao sistemska korupcija, ali najvećim delom za to još niko nije odgovarao.
Nemanja Nenadić smatra da bi pristup Evropske unije u Srbiji trebalo da bude direktniji.
"Bilo bi dobro da ne šalju kontradiktorne poruke. Jer, na primer, često izveštavaju da nije dovoljno urađeno na vladavini prava. Ali istovremeno naglase da je Srbija uspešno sprovela ekonomske reforme. Ne može se praviti takav veštački balans", dodaje Nenadić.
Američki predlog zakona nalaže državnom sekretaru da pruži tehničku pomoć zemljama Zapadnog Balkana u izradi nacionalne strategije za borbu protiv korupcije. Predviđa i podršku partnerima u regionu u antikorupcijskim naporima stvaranjem programa za nacionalnu antikorupcijsku strategiju.
Bez nacionalne strategije
Kako podseća organizacija Transparentnost Srbija, prethodnu nacionalnu strategiju za suzbijanje korupcije Srbija je imala od 2013. do 2018, a rezultati nisu poznati. Nova još nije doneta, na šta je upozorio i Savet za borbu protiv korupcije.
"I to je jedan od detalja koji govore da ne postoji politička volja da se država izbori sa korupcijom", kaže Nemanja Nenadić iz TS.
Kako objašnjavaju u Agenciji za sprečavanje korupcije, period do njenog donošenja trebalo bi da premosti Operativni plan za sprečavanje korupcije u oblastima od posebnog rizika koji je Vlada usvojila prošle godine.
"Taj dokument predviđa korake koje je neophodno ispuniti sa ciljem izrade nove Nacionalne strategije", navela je ASK.
U 2012, tadašnji potpredsednik Vlade Srbije Aleksandar Vučić upozorio je na problem u javnim nabavkama na koje je Srbija godišnje u proseku trošila 3,5 milijarde evra.
"Iznos koji ode na korupciju u javnim nabavkama je ogroman, možda i veći od 400 miliona evra. Ako bi se uštedelo tih 400 miliona koji završe u, najblaže rečeno, sivoj zoni, to je dva i po puta više od onog što Srbija očekuje kao pomoć ove godine", izjavio je 2012. Vučić na predstavljanju studije "Korupcijske mape javnih nabavki".
U tom dokumentu tada je procenjeno da se pouzdano ne može reći koliko država svake godine bude oštećena zbog nepravilnosti u javnim nabavkama, ali je na osnovu iskustava iz drugih zemalja procenjeno da korupcija u tim postupcima "uzme" od 400 do 600 miliona evra. Na te podatke upozoravala je i organizacija Transparentnost Srbija, specijalizovana za istraživanje i borbu protiv korupcije. Tokom prethodne vlasti, Državna revizorska institucija Srbije saopštila je 2011. da je u postupcima javnih nabavki u vrednosti 800 milona evra otkrila neregularnosti.
Zašto tri decenije nema rešenja?
Savet za borbu protiv korupcije ocenjuje da u poslednje tri decenije nema efikasne borbe protiv korupcije.
"Do toga su dovele urušene institucije koje ne funkcionišu u punom kapacitetu. Često se pod političkim uticajem privatni interes nameće javnom interesu, dok odsustvo sankcija pospešuje dalji rast korupcije", naveo je Savet za borbu protiv korupcije.
To Vladino telo dodaje da su za uspešnu borbu protiv korupcije neophodni jasna podela vlasti, nezavisne institucije, jasni zakoni i objektivno informisani građani.
Srbija 96. od 180 zemalja
Poslednji izveštaj Transparensi internešnala (Transparency international) u januaru ove godine Srbiju je po indeksu percepcije korupcije svrstao na 96. mesto na listi od 180 zemalja i teritorija. To je njena najniža ocena u poslednjih 10 godina, od kada su podaci uporedivi, pokazao je Globalni indeks korupcije za 2021.
"To znači da se na Srbiju gleda kao na zemlju u kojoj je korupcija izrazito raširena i koja deceniju stagnira", zaključio je Nemanja Nenadić.
Tako se Srbija nalazi na ispod polovine svetske antikorupcijske tabele, u društvu sa Argentinom, Brazilom, Indonezijom, Lesotom, i Turskom.
Od zemalja okruženja, na svetskoj antikorupcijskoj listi od Srbije su bolje plasirani Slovenija, Hrvatska, Crna Gora, Rumunija, Mađarska, Bugarska, Severna Makedonija i Kosovo, dok su nešto lošije rangirane Albanija i Bosna i Hercegovina.
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